pll loop filter

pll loop filter

divisor of two modules

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The two prescaler module is an electronic circuit used in high frequency synthesizer designs to overcome the problem of generating narrow space frequencies are still too high to be transmitted directly system feedback loop.
The module is a division ratio divider. dual-media module that can be divided by two different factors in general M and M +1. factor applied is changed with a control input. By agreement Care, the system operates automatically solve the problem at hand.

Problem
A frequency synthesizer produces an output frequency f, which is the reference frequency division ratio N X such that
f = Nfr
Since N is an integer, the output frequency is limited to multiples fr. Generally, this will be the channels for which is designed for radio equipment, usually equal to channel distance. For example, the narrow-band radio-channel separation of 12.5 kHz is typical.
Suppose that the divisor N is only able to operate maximum clock frequency of 10 MHz, but the output F is hundreds of MHz If you bring a prescaler with a fixed value of M is 40, the frequency can easily fall output in the range of operation of the N. divider, however, we have introduced a factor of 40 in the equation, if the output frequency is now:
f = 40Nfr
If the notification to 12.5 kHz, we can not get all 40 channels is not very useful. Alternatively if we reduce a factor of 40 to compensate for the frequency comparison is 312.5 Hz which is too low to provide good filtering and blocking performance characteristics. This also means that the programming of separation becomes more complex, as all you have to use these relationships give us real channels, not 1/40th of a channel that already are available!
Solution
The solution is the divisor of two modules. The main divider is divided into two parts, the main N and an additional divider A, which is much shorter than N. Both divisions was recorded from the output of divisor of two modules, but only the N-divider output refers to the comparison. Initially, the divisor is divided by M +1. Both N and a countdown reaches zero until A, at which point the prescaler is changed to a split ratio of M. At this stage, the divisor of N is complemented by one. Counting continues until N is equal to zero, which is an additional consideration of NA. At this stage, the cycle repeats.
Therefore:
f = fr ((M (NA) + A (H 1))) / N, which is reduced to f = fr ((MN + A)) / N
If so we have an M factor is multiplied by N, we add another factor A, which in fact gives us a splitter with a fractional part. Only the divisor must be built from parts at high speed and reference frequency may remain equal to the spacing of the output frequency.
The following diagram shows the elements and the provision of a dual frequency synthesizer prescaler module. (Compare with the diagram on the main page synthesizer).
We can calculate A and N of the formula:
A = VM mod
M = NV div
where V is the division combined ratio (V = + MN). For this to work properly, one must be strictly less than M and less than or equal to N. These restrictions on the values of A implies that you can not get all the related divisions V. If V is less than M (M-1), some channels have disappeared.
Specific application example

Double waveform prescaler module with a scale of 10 microseconds.

Double waveform prescaler module with a range of 20 nanoseconds.
Today, most of the dual module prescalers exist within chip PLL, making it impossible to understand the real signs of operation. The first double module prescalers were discrete ECL devices, separate from the PLL chip. Here an example of a dual splitter module used. This track is going to use a Motorola MC145158 with a Fujitsu MB-operating mode two modulus prescaler 501 128/129. The PLL is locked at 917.94 MHz [f en] equation with a channel spacing of 30 kHz frequency [fr equation]. The entire account is 30 598 total. By dividing by 128 [M] the equation gives a ratio of 239 with a remainder of 6, N and A, respectively. The outcome of this election is that the crossover spends most of his time to count to 128, and a brief period to 129.
This is illustrated by the purple top monitoring, control and counter module output. These two screen shots differ only in the horizontal scale. Part lower trace is the output yellow N counter with a frequency that corresponds to the frequency of 30 kHz channel spacing. The green trace is the output of the divider of two modules, happens to correspond to 7.1714 MHz in the case … (And so on) For more information, you can visit some of the products Portable Radio pocket recorder digital voice. The MechWarrior 4: Vengeance & Black Knight software products must be more than here!

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Phase Locked Loop Part 1