Female Sma

Posted by admin on September 12, 2010 · Leave a Comment

Female Sma

Bisphenol A

Summary
Bisphenol A was reported by AP Dianin in 1891.
Prepared by the condensation of acetone (Hence the suffix in the name) with two equivalents of phenol. The reaction is catalyzed by an acid such as hydrochloric acid (HCl) or resin sulfonated polystyrene. Usually for a large excess of phenol is used to ensure complete condensation:
(CH3) 2CO + 2 C6H5OH (CH3) 2C (C6H4OH) 2 + H2O
Many ketones undergo similar condensation reactions. The method is effective and the only byproduct is water.
Use
More information: Polycarbonate
Repeat unit chemical structure of polycarbonate of bisphenol A
Bisphenol A is used primarily to make plastics and plastic products containing bisphenol-A has been in operation for over 50 years. It is a monomer key in the production of epoxy resins and the most common form polycarbonate plastic. Polycarbonate, which is clear and virtually unbreakable, is used to make a variety of common products including baby bottles and water sports equipment, medical devices and dental fillings and sealants, eyeglasses, CDs and DVDs, and electronics. BPA is also used in the synthesis of polysulfones and polyether ketones, such as an antioxidant in some plasticizers, and as a polymerization inhibitor in PVC. The epoxy resins containing bisphenol A is used as a coating on the inside almost all the boxes of food and beverages, however, because of health problems BPA in the epoxy coating was often replaced Japan by PET film. Bisphenol A is also a precursor of the fire, tetrabromobisphenol A, and was used as a fungicide. Bisphenol A is a preferred color developer on thermal paper and carbonless paper.
Global production of bisphenol-A in 2003 was estimated at over 2 million tonnes. In the U.S., is manufactured by Bayer MaterialScience, Dow Chemical Company, SABIC Innovative Plastics (formerly GE Plastics) Hexion Specialty Chemicals, Chemicals and Sunoco. In 2004, these companies produce just over 1 million tons of bisphenol A, compared to only 7,260 tons in 1991. In 2003, the annual consumption of 856,000 tonnes U.S. has been, of which 72% was used to make polycarbonate plastic and ranges from 21% in resin epoxy.
Identification of Plastics
Main article: Resin identification code
Some Type 7 plastic can leach bisphenol A
Some type 3 plastics can leach bisphenol A
There are seven types of plastics used in packaging applications. Type 7 is the catchall category "other", and some 7 type plastics such as polycarbonate (sometimes identified by the letters "PC" near the symbol recycling) and epoxy resins based on bisphenol A monomer.
Type 3 (PVC) may also contain bisphenol A as antioxidant in plasticizers.
Types 1 (PET), 2 (HDPE), 4 (LDPE), 5 (polypropylene) and 6 (polystyrene) do not use bisphenol A during polymerization or package forming. [Citation needed]
Health Effects
Bisphenol A is an endocrine disruptor that can mimic hormones in the body and may cause adverse effects on health. Development of the first period seems to be more sensitive to its effects. Regulators determined the levels of safety for humans, but levels of safety are being questioned or examined, as a result of new scientific studies.
In 2009, the Endocrine Society issued a statement expressing concern about the science of human exposure to BPA power.
Previous studies
In 2007, with the consensus of 38 experts on bisphenol A has found that the average levels in people are higher than those that cause damage to animals in laboratory experiments. A panel convened by the National Institutes of Health U.S. determined that there had "Concerns" about BPA effects on brain development of fetuses and children's behavior. A 2008 U.S. National Toxicology Program (NTP) later agreed with the panel, expressing "concern about the effects on the brain, behavior and prostate in fetuses infants and children at current human exposure to bisphenol A "and" minimal concern for effects on the mammary gland and an earlier age precocious puberty in females in fetuses, infants and children at current human exposures to bisphenol A. "The NTP has" negligible concern that exposure in pregnant women to bisphenol A will result in fetal or neonatal mortality, birth defects or low birth weight and growth in children. "
Obesity
A 2008 review concluded that obesity may increase as exposure to BPA, which "should be the concern of scientists and public health officials." A 2009 review available studies concluded that "exposure to BPA perinatally acts to exert persistent effects on body weight and adiposity. Another review in 2009 concluded that "elimination of exposure to (GAP) and the improvement of nutrition in development offer the potential reduce obesity and associated diseases. "Other reviews have reached similar conclusions. A subsequent study in the rats suggest that perinatal exposure to drinking water containing 1 mg / L of BPA increased adipogenesis in females at weaning.
Neurological disorders
A panel convened by the National Institutes of Health U.S. determined that there was "some concern" about BPA effects on fetal brain development and child behavior. A 2008 report U.S. National Toxicology Program (NTP) later agreed with the panel, expressing its "concern about the effects on the brain." In January 2010, the FDA has expressed the same level of concern.
A 2007 study concluded that BPA, like other xenoestrogens, must be considered a player in the nervous system that can regulate or modify their functions through multiple channels. A 2007 study concluded that low doses of BPA during development of the lingering effects on brain structure, function and behavior rats and mice. A 2008 review concluded that exposure to low maternal dose of BPA causes long-term consequences on the level of development Neurological mice. A 2008 review concluded that neonatal exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) can affect sexually dimorphic morphology brain and neuronal phenotypes in adulthood. A 2008 review concluded that BPA altered the long-term potentiation in the hippocampus and even nanomolar doses could have significant effects on memory processes. A review of 2009 expressed concern about the effect BPA in the nucleus periventricular anteroventral.
A 2008 study by Yale School of Medicine has shown that adverse neurological occur in nonhuman primates regularly exposed to bisphenol A at levels equal (EPA), the maximum United States Environmental Protection Agency Insurance 50 g / kg / day. This research revealed a link between BPA and interference with the connections of brain cells vital to memory, learning and mood.
Highly disputed claims that BPA may be involved in the hyperactivity disorder attention deficit (ADHD)
The alteration of the dopaminergic system
A 2005 review concluded that prenatal and neonatal exposure to BPA in mice can improve the central dopaminergic system, resulting in hypersensitivity to drugs of abuse induces rewarding effects and hyperlocomotion.
A revision in 2008 concluded that BPA mimics estrogen activity and the effects of dopamine different process to increase the activity of dopamine mesolimbic resulting in hyperactivity, attention deficit and increased sensitivity to drugs of abuse.
A study in 2009 in rats showed that prenatal and neonatal exposure to low doses of BPA in the results, the development deficit in the striatum dorsolateral modifying the function of dopamine receptors. Another 2009 study found associated changes in the dopaminergic system.
Thyroid function
A review of 2007 concluded that bisphenol A has been shown to bind to the receptor and thyroid hormone may have selective effects on their functions.
A 2009 review of chemicals in the environment and function of the thyroid, expressed concern the effects of triiodothyronine BPA and concluded that "available evidence suggests that the governing bodies need to regulate the use of chemicals that alter thyroid, especially as these practices relate to the exposure of pregnant women, newborns and young children to the cops. "
A 2009 review summarizes the adverse effects of BPA on thyroid hormone action.
Cancer Research
According to WHO INFOSAN, "Animal studies have provided convincing evidence of cancer risk from exposure to BPA."
Neither the United States Environmental Protection Agency or the International Agency for Research on Cancer evaluated the possible existence of bisphenol A carcinogenesis.
Breast cancer
More information: Risk factors for breast cancer bisphenol A #
A 2008 review concluded "Perinatal exposure to low doses of (…) (..) BPA alters the development of breasts and increased risk of breast cancer. "Another 2008 study concluded that most of the experiments" animal and epidemiological data strengthen the hypothesis that fetal exposure to xenoestrogens may be an underlying cause of the impact breast cancer observed over the last 50 years. "
A 2009 study in vitro concluded that BPA is capable of inducing neoplastic transformation human mammary epithelial cells. Another 2009 study concluded that oral exposure of mothers with low levels of BPA during breastfeeding increases breast cancer formation in a rodent model.
Neuroblastoma
In vitro studies have suggested that BPA can promote the growth of neuroblastoma cells. An in vitro study in 2010 reached the conclusion that BPA potent promoter of invasion and metastasis of cells neuroblastoma by the overexpression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 and downregulation of TIMP2.
The development of prostate cancer
A study in 1997 in mice showed that neonatal exposure to 2 g BPA / kg increased adult prostate. A 2005 study in mice showed that neonatal exposure to BPA at 10 g / kg disrupted the development of the fetal mouse prostate. A 2006 study on rats showed that bisphenol A neonatal exposure to 10 g / kg increases susceptibility to prostate Adult precancerous lesions and carcinogenesis hormone. In 2007, an in vitro study showed that BPA in the range of concentrations currently measured in human serum is associated with increased so permanent size of the prostate. A 2009 study found that newborn rats exposed to low doses of BPA (10 g / kg) increased susceptibility prostate cancer in adulthood.
Sexual and reproductive health
A series of studies conducted in 2009 are:
Exposure of mouse ovarian abnormalities as small as 1 g / kg, has concluded that exposure to BPA causes long-term adverse effects on reproduction and carcinogenic prenatal exposure occurs during critical periods of differentiation.
neonatal exposure as low as 50 g / kg disrupts ovarian development in mice.
Neonatal BPA exposure as low as 50 g / kg permanently alters the mechanisms of estrogen hypothalamic regulating sexual behavior in adult female rats.
Prenatal exposure to levels of BPA (10 g / kg / day) affects the differentiation sexual behavior in male monkeys.
Cells in the placenta JEG3 BPA in vitro can reduce the synthesis of estrogen.
BPA exposure disrupted the blood-testis barrier when administered to immature but not adult rats.
BPA exposure in the workplace can cause sexual dysfunction in adult male humans.
General Research
In 2009, during a meeting of the Endocrine data Society for further research on experimental animals treated with BPA. The studies presented at the meeting of the group's annual show BPA can affect woman's heart, can permanently damage the DNA of mice, and appear to enter the human body in a variety of unknown sources.
A study conducted in 2009 in the cytotrophoblast cells in vitro cytotoxic effects has been found in exposure doses of 0.0002 to 0.2 micrograms of BPA milliliter and concluded that finding "suggests that exposure of placental cells to low doses of BPA can cause adverse effects, leading to experience the adverse outcomes of pregnancy such as preeclampsia, intrauterine growth restriction, premature births and pregnancy loss "
A 2009 study in rats concluded that BPA, in the limit is safe for human exposure, we found the impact of intestinal permeability and may represent a risk factor in offspring women develop severe inflammation of the colon adults.
A 2010 survey on mice showed that perinatal exposure to 10 micrograms / ml BPA in drinking water increases awareness allergic inflammation and airway reactivity in an animal model of asthma.
human studies
Lang disease heart study
The first comprehensive study of the effects on human health from exposure to bisphenol A was released in September 2008 by Iain Lang and his colleagues in the Journal of American Medical Association. The cross-sectional study of almost 1,500 people assessed exposure to bisphenol In looking at the levels of chemicals in the urine. The authors found that the increase of bisphenol A were significantly associated with heart disease, diabetes and abnormal liver enzyme elevations. An editorial in the same issue points that all preliminary work must be confirmed and can not prove causation, no record of similar effects in animal studies, that "add [s] biological plausibility results reported by Lang et al. "
Later a similar study conducted by the same group of scientists, published in January 2010, confirmed, despite the low concentrations of BPA in the sample from the second study, a major risk for heart disease, but not liver enzymes or diabetes.
Other studies
Studies have associated recurrent miscarriage with GAP serum, oxidative stress inflamattion postmenopausal women with a urinary externalizing behaviors in children of two years, particularly among girls, with urinary concentrations of the mother, and altered hormone levels in men with urinary concentrations.
Historical studies
The first evidence of the estrogenicity of bisphenol A has experimented with rats in the 1930s, but it was not until 1997 that the harmful effects of exposure to low doses in laboratory animals has been recorded for the first time.
exposure low dose in animals
Dose (g / kg / day)
Effects (measured in studies of mice or rats,
descriptions (in quotes) are from the Environmental Working Group)
Grade
0.025
Permanent changes "in the genital tract"
2005
0.025
"The changes in breast tissue that predispose cells to hormones and carcinogens"
2005
1
long-term effects adverse reproductive and carcinogenic
2009
2
"The increase in prostate weight of 30%"
1997
2
"Lower gain of body weight, anogenital distance in both genders, signs of precocious puberty and more heat. "
2002
2.4
"Declining testicular testosterone "
2004
2.5
"Cells are predisposed to breast cancer
2007
10
"Prostate Cells more sensitive to hormones and cancer "
2006
10
"Reduction of maternal behavior"
2002
30
"Inverted differences between the sexes in the normal brain structure and behavior "
2003
50
Neurological adverse effects occur in nonhuman primates
2008
50
Altera ovarian development
2009
A 2008 study revealed that bisphenol A levels in the blood of newborn mice are the same if injected or swallowed. The present limit of U.S. human exposure set by the EPA is 50 g / kg / day.
Xenoestrogen
No evidence that bisphenol A acts as a xenoestrogen to bind strongly to estrogen receptors related (ERR). This orphan receptor (unknown endogenous ligand) behaves as a constitutive activator of transcription. BPA appears to bind strongly to ERR (constant dissociation = 5.5 nM) but not estrogen receptor (ER). ERR-binding BPA retains its core constituent. You can also protect deactivation of the selective estrogen receptor modulator 4 hydroxytamoxifen.
different expression of ERR in various parts of the body may take into account variations of bisphenol A effects. For example, ERR-is elevated in the placenta, which explains the high ratios of bisphenol A accumulation in this tissue.
sources of human exposure
The Bisphenol A has been known to leach from the plastic food Canned and to a lesser extent, [citation needed] polycarbonate plastics, in particular, which are cleaned with harsh detergents or used to contain acidic liquids or high temperature. A more recent Health Canada study found that soft drink cans that have tested low, but measurable levels bisphenol A. This exhibition through metal cans due to the fact that BPA is an ingredient in the lining of cans of food and drinks protect food from direct contact with the metal. Although most human exposure is through diet, exposure can also occur through air and through skin absorption.
BPA is found in high concentrations in the thermal paper, which is used to print receipts at the box office automatic, and carbonless paper.
Studies by the CDC found bisphenol A in the urine of 95% of adults and 93% 19,881,994 sample of Children and adults tested at 200,304. Infants fed with liquid formula are among the most vulnerable, and formula fed bottles Polycarbonate can consume up to 13 micrograms of bisphenol A per kg of body weight per day (g / kg / day, see table below). Animal studies show effects much more sensitive to lower doses, while the EPA considers exposures up to 50 g / kg / day to be sure. In 2009 a study showed that consumption of polycarbonate bottles increased urinary levels of bisphenol A by two thirds, from 1.2 micrograms g creatinine / a 2 micrograms / gram of creatinine.
Consumer groups recommend that people wishing to reduce their exposure to bisphenol A to avoid canned foods and polycarbonate plastic containers (which shares the identification code of the resin 7 with many other plastics) unless the package states that the plastic is BPA free. The National Toxicology Group to avoid foods in the microwave in plastic containers, with plastic in the dishwasher or harsh detergents to prevent leaching.
A small U.S. study, funded by the 2009 GTE has detected an average of 2.8 ng / mL of BPA in the blood of 9 of the 10 umbilical cords tested.
United States and Canada, BPA was found in preparations liquid infant at concentrations ranging from 0.48 to 11 ng / g. BPA was rarely found in powdered infant formula (only 1 of 14).
Population
Dear bisphenol A day of admission, g / kg / day.
Table adapted from the National Toxicology Report Panel.
Children (06 months)
formula fed
111
Children (06 months)
fed milk
0.21
Children (612 months)
1.6513
Children (1.56 years)
0.04314.7
Adults
0.0081.5
Pharmacokinetics
There is no agreement among scientists BPA PBPK model for humans. The effects of BPA in an organization depends on the amount of free BPA is available to the cells and time are on display. Glucuronidation in the body reduces the amount of free BPA, BPA glucuronide, however, can deconjugated beta-glucuronidase, an enzyme present in high concentrations in the placenta and other tissues. BPA may also be inactivated by sulfation, a process that can also be reversed by arylsulfatase C.
A study conducted in 2009 found that certain drugs such as naproxen, salicylic acid, carbamazepine, and mefenamic acid may In vitro, inhibits glucuronidation of BPA important.
Environmental Risk
BPA can pollute the environment either directly or through degradation products containing BPA, such as plastic garbage ocean.
As an environmental contaminant of this compound interferes with nitrogen fixation in the roots pulses associated with the symbiotic bacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti. Despite a half-life in soil of only 110 days, its ubiquity, it is an important pollutant. According to Middle Environment Canada, "the initial assessment suggests that, at low levels of bisphenol A can harm fish and organisms over time. Studies also indicate that today can be found in municipal wastewater. "
A 2009 review of biological effects on plasticizers Wildlife Real Sociedad published focusing on annelids (aquatic and terrestrial), molluscs, crustaceans, insects, fish, amphibians and concluded that BPA has been shown to affect reproduction in all groups of animals studied to prevent the development of shellfish and amphibians and to produce genetic aberrations.
Government and industry response
World Health Organization
Citing the uncertainty of potentially harmful effects on health of exposure to low dose BPA, particularly in the nervous system and the system behavior, and also differences in exposure of very young children, WHO announced in November 2009, we organized an expert consultation in 2010 to assess the safety of BPA.
Australia and New Zealand
Australia and New Zealand Food Safety (Food Standards Australia and New Zealand) sees no health risk to bisphenol A bottles if the manufacturer's instructions are followed. Exposure levels are very low and pose no significant health risk. He added that manufacturers are moving abroad to stop using BPA in baby bottles is a voluntary and not the result of a specific action regulators.1] This suggests the use of glass bottles if parents have concerns.
Canada
In April 2008, Health Canada considers that the chemical may pose a risk to infants and proposed to classify the substance as "toxic" to human health and the environment. "
After the launch of this evaluation, the Health Minister of Canada, Tony Clement announced Canada's intention to prohibit the importation, sale and advertising of polycarbonate baby bottles containing bisphenol A, because of problems safety, and explore ways to reduce pollution of infant formula BPA packed in tins. Although the agency concluded that human exposures were below levels considered dangerous, the margin of safety was not sufficient for formula fed babies. About the same time, Wal-Mart announced it would immediately stop sales in all its stores in Canada food packaging, water bottles, cups, and pacifiers containing bisphenol A, and it would remove baby bottles made with it in stores U.S. in early 2009. Nalgene also announced it will stop using the chemical in their products, and Toys-R-Us said it also will stop selling baby bottles made of it. The news reports later showed many retailers to remove products their own shelves polycarbonate.
In 2006, Canadian regulators selected bisphenol A as one of 200 substances that deserve complete safety assessments, because preliminary studies have found that it is "inherently toxic" chemical had not been previously studied them in depth, has been accepted, the grandfather recitals where regulations more strict were adopted in the 1980s.
The federal government has officially declared bisphenol A a dangerous contents in October 2008 and is now in its list of toxic substances. Officials from Health, wrote in the Canada Gazette that "it is concluded that bisphenol A is considered as a substance that may enter the environment in a quantity or concentration or under conditions that constitute or may constitute a danger in Canada to life or human health. "The federal ministries of health and the environment have said they are seeking to restrict imports, sales and advertising of polycarbonate baby bottles containing BPA.
Gc.ca In his statement released October 18, 2008, Health Canada said isphenol that exposure of newborns and infants is below levels that cause effects, and the eneral public need not worry.
Europe
The European Union
The 2008 update of the risk assessment of the European Union of bisphenol A, released in June 2008 by the European Commission and the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) concluded that bisphenol A-based products such as polycarbonate plastic and resins epoxy, are safe for consumers and the environment when used as intended. In October 2008, after the study was Lang published, EFSA has issued a final statement that the study did not reason to revise the current TDI (tolerable daily intake) the level of BPA of 0.05 mg / kg of body weight.
A 2009 study of scientific risk assessment process European endocrine disruptors including BPA.
On December 22, 2009, the European Ministers of Environment issued a statement expressing concern with studies Recent showing the harmful effects of exposure to endocrine disruptors.
EFSA plans to launch a new opinion on BPA in May 2010.
Denmark
In May 2009 the Danish Parliament adopted a resolution to ban the use of BPA in baby bottles. However, this has not yet been promulgated in December 2009, because the Danish Minister of Public Health aims to further evidence of the adverse effects of BPA.
France
On 27 July 2009, members of the French senator has proposed legislation to ban BPA RDSE plastics used as food containers.
On February 5, 2010, the French Food Safety (AFSSA) asked about previous assessments of health risks BPA, in particular as regards the behavioral effects observed in rat pups after in utero exposure and during the first months of life.
Germany
On September 19, 2008, the German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (Bundesinstitut fr Risikobewertung, BfR) stated that There was no reason to alter the current risk assessment of bisphenol A on the basis of the study by Lang.
In October 2009, German environmental organization Naturschutz Deutschland Bund fr Umwelt und requested a ban of BPA for products for children, especially the nipples and the products food contact. In response, some manufacturers have voluntarily withdrawn from the market problems lollipop.
Netherlands
On November 6, 2008 Dutch Organization and the Consumer Product Safety Authority (VWA) said in a newsletter that polycarbonate plastic bottles do not release detectable levels BPA and thus are safe to use.
Switzerland
In February 2009 the Federal Office of Public Health, on the basis of reports from health agencies, indicated that intake of bisphenol A in food poses no risk to consumers, including newborns and infants. However, in the same recommended sentence for the proper use of polycarbonate bottles and other alternatives in the list.
United Kingdom
In December 2009, in response to a letter a group of seven scientists urged the British government to adopt a vision consistent with the approach taken by other governments which ended the use of BPA in products marketed food contact in children150] UK Food Standards Agency reiterated its view that in January 2009 Xposure UK consumers to BPA from all sources, including food contact materials, well below levels considered as harmful.
United States
September 2008
In September, the National Toxicology Program has completed its report on bisphenol A, the search for "a some concern "midpoint of a five-point scale, children were at risk of exposure to the chemical.
At this time, the FDA stated that the current limits of consumers were safe, but convened an external panel of experts to discuss the issue. Lang study was also published this month, and David Melzer, a co-author of the study, presented the results of the study before FDA panel.
The editorial accompanying the JAMA study published Lang criticized the FDA's assessment of bisphenol A: "A fundamental problem is that the current ADI [acceptable daily intake] for BPA is based on experiments conducted in the 1980s using outdated methods (only very high doses were tested) and insensitive assays. Recent findings of independent scientists were rejected by the FDA, apparently because the researchers did not test the outdated guidelines for environmental chemicals, then studies that test passed, insensitive (especially chemical industry funded studies) more weight to the conclusion that BPA is not harmful at current exposure levels. "
The Union of Concerned Scientists Concerned also criticized the agency as saying: "We fear that the FDA based its conclusion on two studies, while minimizing the results of hundreds of other studies …. This seems to be a case cherry-picking data with potentially high cost to human health. "
In contrast, the American Chemistry Council, an industry group Manufacturing in the lobby, was skeptical that the latest study.
March 2009
Sunoco, a producer of gas and chemicals now refuses to sell the chemical companies for use in food containers and water for children under 3 years, say no, you can be sure of security the compound. Sunoco plans to require its customers to ensure that the chemical is not used in food products for children.
The six major U.S. companies they sell bottles has decided to stop using bisphenol A in their products. Suffolk County, New York ban on container Baby drinks containing bisphenol A.
On 13 March the leaders of the House and Senate legislation to ban bisphenol A.
At the same months, Rochelle Tyl, author of two studies used by the FDA to assert the safety of BPA in August 2008, said that these studies did not say that the BPA is safe because they were not designed to cover all aspects of the effects of the chemical.
May 2009
Among the first jurisdictions in the United States to adopt rules to limit or ban BPA Minnesota and Chicago. Minnesota Regulation comes into force in 2010, "the Manufacturers … for children that contain BPA can not sell in the state after January 1, 2010. The ban extends to all retailers in the state one year later. "The products concerned are known as cups and baby bottles. The city of Chicago passed a ban similar shortly after. The coverage of the Chicago ban in new fiercely opposed by industry. An article in the Chicago Tribune said an uphill battle to pass legislation, "[industry representatives] used the FDA's position on the issue when they tried to block the extent of the city. "It is also that
that the FDA is still very slow and reluctant to take action on BPA, "said Alderman. Manny Flores (1 º), who co-sponsored Chicago away with the counselor. Edward Burke.
Chicago banned the sale in 2010 of any food or beverage container containing vacuum which is intended to BPA use by children under 3 years.
Burke and Flores pushed through the measure after being ousted from a more aggressive which have been banned around children's product that was made with the chemical. However, the chemical industry have fought to prevent the recovery prohibition wide including the hiring of former city councilor. Terry Gabinski to lobby against him. The group American Chemistry Council trade said in a written statement calling [The] vote nwarranted ..
In May 2009, the Washington Post accused the manufacturers containers of food and drinks and some of its biggest customers to try to develop public relations and lobbying to block the ban strategy Government BPA.
June 2009
In June 2009, FDA announced its decision to reconsider the safety of BPA values.
Connecticut was the first U.S. state to ban BPA in infant formula and baby food containers and any reusable foods and beverages.
July 2009
Development of the California Environmental Protection Agency and reproductive toxic Identification Committee voted unanimously against the placement of bisphenol A on the state list of chemicals that are believed to cause reproductive damage. The panel although concerned with scientific research showing the damage increasing BPA on reproduction in animals, found that there was insufficient data on human effects. Critics point to the same panel was unable to add second-hand smoke in the list until 2006, and Chemistry everything has been added to the list the last three years.
August 2009
On 3 August, the Ministry of Public Health in Massachusetts recommends mothers to take steps to prevent any impact on the health of children. Mothers with children under two years is recommended limit exposure to avoid products that may contain BPA, such as beverage bottles and other plastic materials for recycling plastics codes of 7 to 3.
The Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, as part of a series of research on BPA and its effects, has revealed plans of the Company the plastics industry to run a barrage of public relations for promoting BPA, including plans to attack and discredit people who complain or comment negatively on the monomer and its effects.
September 2009
On 29 September, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency BPA announced that it is evaluating, and five other chemicals, to develop the action plan.
October 2009
On 28 October, the NIH announced $ 30 million in incentive grants to study the health effects of BPA. This money should be reflected in numerous peer-reviewed counterparts.
November 2009
Consumer Reports magazine published an analysis of BPA in canned foods and beverages, in specific cases where the contents of a tin can overcome the current FDA Acceptable Daily cumulative exposure.
January 2010
On 15 January, the FDA expressed its "concern" the average level of about concerns about the possible effects of BPA on the brain, behavior and prostate in fetuses, infants and small children, and announced it was taking steps to reduce human exposure to BPA in food. However, FDA does not recommend that families use to modify infant formula or food, because it believes that the benefit of a stable source of good nutrition to counter the potential for BPA exposure.
The same day, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services social freedom of information to parents to reduce BPA exposure for children.
From February 2010
According to the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, which supported a ban on BPA, the chemical industry lobbyists met with administration officials, the delays in the BPA and EPA does not include chemicals in the action plan launched 30 December 2009.
Many U.S. states considering some sort of ban on BPA.
See also
Find a bisphenol A in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
materials in contact with food
Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE)
References
^ "Update on bisphenol A for use in food contact applications: January 2010 U.S. Food and Drug Administration January 15, 2010 http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/PublicHealthFocus/ucm197739.htm Retrieved January 15 …. 2010.
^ Dianin (1891). khimicheskogo Zhurnal russkogo physical Obshchestvo. 23. 492 p.
^ Zinck, Theodor (1905). "Ueber die Einwirkung von Brom und von auf chlorine phenol: Pseudochloride Substitutionsprodukte, Pseudobromide und der Chemie Justus Liebigs Annalen 343: .. 7599 doi: 10.1002/jlac.19053430106.
^ UGLE, Konstantin V. Ioan I. Negulescu (1991). Synthesis and characterization oligomers. CRC Press. p. 103.
Abcd ^ Fiege, Helmut, Heinz-Werner Voges, Toshikazu Hamamoto, Sumio Umemura, Tadao Iwata, Hisaya Miki, Yasuhiro Fujita, Buysch Hans-Josef, Dorothea Garbe, Wilfried Paulus (2002). Phenol derivatives. Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry Ullmann. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi: 10.1002/14356007.a19_313.
^ Replogle, Jill (17/07/2009). "Lawmakers press for regulation of BPA." Progress Report California. Http://www.californiaprogressreport.com/2009/07/committee_succe.html. Accessed on 08/02/2009.
^ Übelacker, Sheryl (16/04/2008). "Ridding life of BPA challenge." Toronto Star. Http: / / www.thestar.com/article/415296. Retrieved 02/08/2009.
^ Kroschwitz, I. Jacqueline. Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 5 (5 th ed.). p. 8.
^ "Polycarbonate (PC) polymer resin. Alliance Polymers, Inc. http://www.alliancepoly.com/polycarbonate.asp. Accessed on 02/08/2009.
Abcde ^ National Toxicology Program, USA Department of Health and Human Services (26/11/2007). "Report of the CERHR Expert Panel on Bisphenol A (PDF). Http://cerhr.niehs.nih.gov/chemicals/bisphenol/BPAFinalEPVF112607.pdf. Accessed 18/04/2008.
Ab ^ Erickson, Britt E. (June 2, 2008). "Bisphenol A under control." And Chemical Engineering News (American Chemical Society) 86 (22): 3639. http://pubs.acs.org/isubscribe/journals/cen/86/i22/html/8622gov1.html.
^ Byrne, Jane (September 22, 2008). "Consumers fear the packaging – a BPA alternative is needed now "http://www.foodnavigator.com/Financial-Industry/Consumers-fear-the-packaging-a-BPA-alternative-is-needed-now Retrieved .. January 5, 2010.
^ Pesticideinfo.org: Bisphenol A
^ U.S. Patent 6562755
^ Fukazawa, H., Hoshino, K., Shiozawa, T., Matsushita H., Terao, Y. (2001). "Identification and quantification of chlorinated bisphenol A in plant water recycling waste paper." Chemosphere 44 (5): 973979. doi: 10.1016/S0045-6535 (00) 00507-5. PMID 11513431. edition
Ab ^ IA Lang, Galloway TS, Scarlett A, Henley WE, Depledge M, Wallace RB, Melzer D (2008). Association of bisphenol A urinary concentration of medical and laboratory abnormalities in adults, JAMA 300 (300): .. 1303 doi:. PMID 18799442 10.1001/jama.300.11.1303 http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/ content/full/300.11.1303 ..
Biel ^ D (19/02/2008). "Plastic (Not) Sunset Sun: food containers leach a potentially harmful chemical. "Scientific American 2. http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=plastic-not-fantastic-with-bisphenol-a. Accessed 09/04/2008.
^ Jack Snyder (24/08/2009). "Styrene is carcinogenic to humans, do not contain BPA" Styrene Center for Information and Research (SIRC), Arlington, Virginia Http: .. / / Www.styrene.org / news_styrene_human_health / not_carcinogen_no_bpa_statement.html. Accessed on 28/12/2009.
^ Gore, Andrea C. (June 8, 2007). Endocrine disruptors: from basic research to clinical practice. Contemporary Endocrinology. Humana Press. ISBN 978-1588298300.
^ Oonnor, JC, Chapin, RE (2003). "Critical evaluation of observed adverse effects of endocrine active substances on reproduction and development, immune and nervous system "(full article) Pure Appl Chem 75 (1112) ..: 20,992,123. doi: 10.1351/pac200375112099. http://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/2003/pdf/7511×2099.pdf. Accessed on 28/02/2007.
Okada H ^, Tokunaga T, Liu X, Takayanagi S, Matsushima A, Y Shimohigashi (January 2008). "Direct evidence revealing structural elements essential for high binding capacity of bisphenol A to human receptor gamma estrogen-related, "Environ Health Perspect 116 (1328 ):…. doi:. 10.1289/ehp.10587 PMID 18197296.
Abc ^ FS Vom Saal, JP Myers (2008). "The Bisphenol A and risk of metabolic disorders, JAMA 300 (300). 1353 doi:. PMID 18799451 10.1001/jama.300.11.1353 http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/300.11.1353 …
^ Ab Assessment Review Project Challenge 4,4 '- (1-methylethylidene) bis (bisphenol A) Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number 07/05/1980. Health Canada, 2008.
^ Ginsberg G, Rice DC (2009). "Do you have a fast metabolism ensure negligible risk to bisphenol A?". PHS 117 (11): 16391643. doi: 10.1289/ehp.0901010. http://www.ehponline.org/members/2009/0901010/0901010.html.
^ Beronius, A. Rudner, C.; Hkansson, H., Hanberg, A. (2009). "The risk of all or nothing?" A comparative analysis of controversies in the assessment of health risks of bisphenol A ". Toxicology Reproductive (Elmsford, NY.) doi: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2009.11.007. PMID 19931376. Edit
^ Endocrine company's products scientific statement published on endocrine disrupting chemicals
^ FS vom Saal, Akingbemi BT, Belcher SM, et al (2007). "Chapel Hill bisphenol A statement consensus panel of experts: integration mechanisms, effects in animals .. And the potential to affect human health at current levels of exposure, "Reprod Toxicol 24 (2):. 1318 doi:. 10.1016/j.reprotox.2007.07.005 PMID 17768031 ..
^ Since asked Abc – Bisphenol A: Questions and answers about the proposed memory National Toxicology Program on bisphenol A, the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences site.
^ Elobeid, M. Allison, D. (Oct. 2008). "Presumed environmental endocrine disrupters and obesity. "A review Current opinion in endocrinology, diabetes and obesity 15 (5): 403408. doi: 10.1097/MED.0b013e32830ce95c. ISSN 1752-296X. PMID 18769210. Edit
^ Rubin, B., Soto, A. (May 2009). "Bisphenol A: exposure Perinatal and body weight. "Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 304 (1-2): 5562. doi: 10.1016/j.mce.2009.02.023. ISSN 0303-7207. PMID 19433248. Edit
^ Heindel, J., Vom Saal, F. (May 2009). "The role of nutrition and environmental endocrine disrupting chemicals in the perinatal period in the etiology of obesity "Endocrinology and Molecular Cell 304 (1-2): .. 9096 doi:. 10.1016/j.mce.2009.02.025 ISSN 0303-7207 PMID. 19433253. Edit
^ Newbold, R., Padilla-Banks, E., Jefferson, W. (May 2009). "Environmental Estrogens and obesity." Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 304 (1-2): 8489. doi: 10.1016/j.mce.2009.02.024. ISSN 0303-7207. PMID 19433252. Edit
^ Grn, F., Blumberg, B. (May 2009). "Endocrine disrupters and endocrine disorders obesogenic" Molecular and Cellular 304 (02/01) 1929 doi: .. 10.1016/j.mce.2009.02.018 PMID 19433244 ISSN 0303-7207 edition …
^ Somm, E. (2009). "The perinatal exposure to bisphenol A alters adipogenesis principles of the Rat (PDF)" Environmental Health Perspectives doi: .. 10.1289/ehp.11342 edition.
^ Panzica, G.; Viglietti-Panzica, C., Mora, E., J. Quinn, J., Lavoie, E.; Palanza, P. Ottinger, M. (2007). "Effects of xenoestrogens on the differentiation of neural circuits relevant conduct "Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology 28 (4):. 179200 doi:. 10.1016/j.yfrne.2007.07.001 PMID 17868795 edition ..
^ Richter, C., Birnbaum, L.; Farabollini, F., Newbold, R., Rubin, B.; Talsness, C., Vandenbergh, J., Walser-Kuntz, D. et al. (2007). "In vivo effects of bisphenol A in laboratory rodent studies" Reproductive Toxicology (Elmsford, NY) 24 (2). PMID 10.1016/j.reprotox.2007.06.004 Edition 17683900: 199,224 doi …
Palanza ^ P, Gioiosa, Vom Saal, Parmigiani (2008). "Effects of in utero exposure to bisphenol A in the brain and behavior mice. "Environment Research 108 (2): 1507. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2008.07.023. PMID 18949834. Edit
^ Patisaul, H.; Polston, E. (2008). "Influence of the disease. Endocrine active in the developing brain of rodents "Brain Research Reviews 57 (2): 352 362 doi: .. 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2007.06.008 PMID 17822772. Edit
Ogiue ^-Ikeda, M., Tanabe, N., Mukai, H., Hojo, Y., Murakami, G.; Tsurugizawa, T. Takata, N., Kimoto, T. et al. (2008). "Fast modulation of synaptic plasticity by estrogens and endocrine disrupters in hippocampal neurons. "Brain Research Reviews 57 (2): 363375. doi: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2007.06.010. PMID 17822775. Edit
^ 10.1016/j.yfrne.2008.02.002
Ab ^ C Leranth, Hajszan T, Szigeti-Buck K, Bober J, Maclusky NJ (September 2008). "Bisphenol A prevents the synaptogenic response to estradiol in hippocampus and prefrontal cortex of ovariectomized nonhuman primates." Proc. Natl. Acad. Science. USA 105 (37): 14187. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0806139105. PMID 18768812.
^ Layton, Lindsey (September 4, 2008). "Chemical plastic linked to health problems in monkeys. The Washington Post. P. A02. Http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/09/03/AR2008090303397.html?hpid = TopNews. Accessed 09/06/2008.
^ Brown, JS, Jr. (2009). "Effects of bisphenol A and other endocrine abnormalities related of schizophrenia: a theory of endocrine disruption in schizophrenia "Schizophrenia Bulletin 35: 256 doi: .. 10.1093/schbul/sbm147 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2643957/ edit ..
^ Kiguchi, M., Fujita, S., Oki, H., Shimizu, N., Cools AR, Koshikawa, N. (2008). "Characterization the behavior of rats exposed neonatal bisphenol-A: Answers to a new environment and with methylphenidate challenge in a putative model of the disorder Hyperactivity Attention Deficit, "Journal of Neural Transmission 115 (7): .. 1079 doi:. PMID 18368283 10.1007/s00702-008-0044-5. edition
Ab ^ Tanida, T.; Warit, K., Ishihara, K., Fukui, S., Mitsuhashi, T., Sugawara, T., Tabuchi, Y.; Nanmori, T. et al. (2009). Fetal and neonatal exposure chemical environment in general three, with different mechanisms of action: mixed exposure to phenol, phthalates, dioxins and reverses the effects of exposure in the midbrain dopaminergic mouse .. Nuclei "Toxicology Letters 189 (1): 4047 doi:. 10.1016/j.toxlet.2009.04.005 PMID 19481886 edition ..
^ Suzuki, Mizuo K, Miyagawa K, Narita M (2005). "The exhibition bisphenol-A affects the rewarding system in mice" Nihon Seishin Shinkei Zasshi yakurigaku = Japanese journal of psychopharmacology 25 (3):. Edition 1258 PMID 16045194 ..
^ Jones, D. Miller, G. (2008). "The neurotoxic effects of the environment on the dopaminergic system:. A possible role of substance abuse "Biochemical Pharmacology 76 (5): 569581. Doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2008.05.010. PMID 18555207. Edit
^ Zhou, R., Zhang, Z., Zhu, Y., Chen, L., Sokabe, M., Chen, L. (2009). "Deficits in the development of plasticity synapse in the dorsal striatum of rats after prenatal and neonatal exposure to low doses of bisphenol A Neuroscience 159 (1): .. 161 171 doi: .. PMID 19162132 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.12.028 Edition
^ Zoeller, R. (2007). Chemical "environmental factors that affect thyroid. Target and consequences "Thyroid: Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association 17 (9):. 811 817 doi: 10.1089/thy.2007.0107. PMID 17956155. Edit
^ Boas, M., Main, K., Feldt Rasmussen, U. (October 2009). "The chemicals in the environment and thyroid function: an update day "Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity 16 (5):. 385 391 doi: … ISSN 1752-296X 10.1097/MED.0b013e3283305af7 PMID 19625957 Edition.
^ Kashiwagi, K., Furuno, Kitamura, Ohta, Sugihara, Utsumi, Hanada, Taniguchi et al. (2009). "The interruption of thyroid hormone function pollutants Environment "Journal of Health Sciences 55: .. 147 doi:. 10.1248/jhs.55.147 http://jhs.pharm.or.jp/data/55 (2) 55_147.pdf edition /.
^ Ab "Bisphenol A (BPA) – The state of the art and future action by WHO and FAO" November 27, 2009 http://www.who.int/entity/foodsafety/publications/fs_management/ No_05_Bisphenol_A_Nov09_en.pdf … Retrieved December 2, 2009.
^ EPA IRIS: Bisphenol A
Agents review monographs Volumes 199 ^
^ Brisken, C. (2008). "Endocrine breast cancer and endocrine CHEMISTRY International Journal of Chemistry 62:. 406409 doi:. 10.2533/chimia.2008.406 edition.
^ Soto, A., Vandenberg, L.; Maffini, M., Sonnenschein, C. (2008). "No breast cancer begins in the womb?". Basic and clinical pharmacology and toxicology 102 (2): 125.133. doi: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2007.00165.x. PMID 18226065. Edit
^ Fernandez, SV, Russo, J. (2009). "Estrogen and xenoestrogens in Breast cancer "Toxicologic Pathology doi: .. 10.1177/0192623309354108 edition.
^ Jenkins, S., Raghuraman, N.; Eltoum, I., Carpenter, M., Russo, J.; Lamartiniere, CA (2009). "Oral exposure to bisphenol A increases dimethylbenzanthracene-induced breast cancer in rats" (Free text Full) Environmental Health Perspectives doi: … Http: / / ehp.niehs.nih.gov/members/2009/11751/11751.html 10.1289/ehp.11751 edition.
^ Zhu, H., Xiao, X., Zheng, J., Zheng, S., Dong, K. Yu, Y. (2009). "The growth promoting effects of bisphenol A on neuroblastoma in vitro and in vivo. Journal of Surgery Pediatric 44 (4): 672680. doi: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2008.10.067. PMID 19361625. Edit
^ Zheng, J., Xiao, X., Liu, J., Zheng, S., Yin, P., Yu, Y. (2007). "The growth promoting effects of environmental endocrine disruptors in human neuroblastoma cells SK-N-SH" Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology 24:. 189193 doi:. 10.1016/j.etap.2007.05.003. edition
^ Zhu H, Zheng J, Xiao X, Zheng S, Dong K, Liu J, Wang, Y. (2010). "The environment endocrine disruptors promote invasion and metastasis of SK-N-SH. human neuroblastoma cells "Oncology Reports 23 (1):. 12,939 PMID 19956873 edition.
^ Nagel SC, Vom Saal, Thayer, Dhar, Boechler; Welshons (1997). "Access on serum binding affinity of modified (RBA-SMA) test predicts relationship in vivo bioactivity of xenoestrogens bisphenol A and octylphenol "Environmental Health Perspectives 105 (1):. 706 doi:. 10.2307/3433065 PMID 9074884 Edition ..
^ Timms, B.; Howdeshell, K., Barton, L., Bradley, S., Richter, C., Vom Saal, F. (2005). "Estrogenic chemicals in contraceptives Oral Plastic and disrupt the development of the fetal mouse prostate and urethra, "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 102 (19). 70147019 doi:. 10.1073/pnas.0502544102 PMID 15867144 .. Edit
^ Ho, S., Tang, W., Belmonte de Frausto J, Prins, G. (2006). "Development of exposure to estradiol and bisphenol A increases susceptibility to prostate carcinogenesis and regulates phosphodiesterase type 4 epigenetics Alternative 4 "Cancer Research 66 (11):. 56245632 doi:. 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-0516. PMID 16740699. Edit
^ Richter, C., Taylor, J., Ruhlen, R., Welshons, W., Vom Saal, F. (2007). "Estradiol and Bisphenol A stimulate androgen receptor and gene expression of estrogen receptor in mouse fetal mesenchymal cells of the prostate "Environmental Health Perspectives 115 (6):. 902908 doi: 10.1289/ehp.9804 .. PMID 17589598 edition.
^ Prins, G. (2008). "The entry of the preparation of bisphenol A increases susceptibility to prostate cancer in adult rats: mechanism of action Epigenetics is involved, "Fertility and Sterility 89:. E41-E41 doi:. 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.12.023 edition.
Ab ^ Newbold, R. Jefferson, N., Padilla Banks, E. (June 2009). "Prenatal exposure to bisphenol A at doses environment affects murine reproductive system women later in life, "Environmental Health Perspectives 117 (6):. 879885 doi: ISSN 0091-6765 edition … 10.1289/ehp.0800045 PMID 19590677.
^ ab Adewale, B., Jefferson, N., Newbold, R.; Patisaul, B. (June 2009). "Neonatal bisphenol-A exposure alters reproductive development in rats and the morphology ovary without affecting the activation of neuronal gonadotropin releasing hormone "(free full text) Biology of Reproduction 81 (4):. 690699 doi :…. ISSN 0006-3363 PMID 19535786 10.1095/biolreprod.109.078261 http://www.biolreprod.org/cgi/ pmidlookup? view = 19535786 = PMID long. edition
^ Study reveals that affect the reproductive health of low doses of bisphenol-A
^ Bosquiazzo, L.; Varayoud, J., Munoz de Toro, M., Luque, H., Ramos, G. (August 2009). Effects "neonatal exposure to bisphenol A in the regulation of steroid vascular growth factor expression and endothelial proliferation endothelial cells in the adult rat uterus (free full text) Reproductive Biology doi: 10.1095/biolreprod.109.078543 ISSN 0006-3363 PMID .. 19696011 http://www.biolreprod.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=19696011 …. edition
^ Monk, L.; Varayoud, J., Munoz de Toro, M., Luque, H., Ramos, G. (July 2009). "Neonatal exposure to bisphenol A modifies the mechanisms governing sexual behavior estrogen in female rats Toxicology reproductive adults (Elmsford, NY) 28 (4). :…. 435442 PMID 19577632 doi 10.1016/j.reprotox.2009.06.012 ISSN 0890-6238 edition
^ Nakagami, A., Negishi, T. Kawasaki, K. Imai, N., Nishida, Y., Ihara, T., Kuroda, Y. Yoshikawa, Y. et al. (September 2009). "Changes in the behavior of the male child to her mother by prenatal exposure to bisphenol A in macaques (Macaca fascicularis) during the lactation period beginning "Psychoneuroendocrinology 34 (8) 11891197 doi: .. ISSN 0306-4530 PMID 19345509 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.03.005 Edition …
^ Huang, H., Leung, K. (September 2009). "Bisphenol regulates negatively CYP19 transcription in JEG-3. "Toxicology Letters 189 (3): 248252. doi: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2009.06.853. ISSN 0378-4274. PMID 19539015. Edit
^ Li, Mruk, D., Lee, W., Cheng, C. (2009). "The interruption of the blood-testis barrier integrity Bisphenol A in vitro: is it an appropriate model for studying the dynamics of the blood-testis "The International Journal of Biochemistry and Cell Biology 41 (11):. 23022314. doi: 10.1016/j.biocel.2009.05.016. PMID 19497385. Edit
^ Http: / / dx.doi.org/10.1093/humrep/dep381
News ^ "More concern BPA / News Science Www.sciencenews.org Http: … / / Www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/44577/title/More_troubling_news_about_BPA Accessed on 11/06/2009.
^ "The Experts concerned about hormone plastics, chemicals -. Herald Tribune news.yahoo.com http://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20090611/hl_nm/us_bisphenol_2 Accessed 11/06/2009 …
^ Benachour, N., Aris, A. (2009). "The toxic effects of low doses of bisphenol A in placental cells .." Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 241 (3): 322328. doi: 10.1016/j.taap.2009.09.005. PMID 19769995. Position synthesis. Edit
^ Branes, V., Jouault, A., Gaultier, E. Polizzi, A. Brenac Buisson, C., Leveque, M., Martin, P., Theodorou, V. et al. (2009). "Impact of the oral reference dose bisphenol the role intestinal barrier and gender differences after perinatal exposure in rats "(PDF). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0907697107. PMID 20018722. http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2009/12/10/0907697107.full.pdf. edition
^ Midori-Horiuti, T., Tiwari, R. Watson, C., Goldblum, R. (2010). "Bisphenol maternal exposure promotes the development of experimental asthma in mice young." Perspectives Environmental Health 118 (2): 273277. doi: 10.1289/ehp.0901259. PMID 20123615. Edit
^ Newscientist.com plastic bottle chemical linked to diseases cardiac
^ Melzer, D., Rice, DO, Lewis, C., Henley, WE, Galloway, TS, Zhang, B. (2010). Association of urinary bisphenol a concentration of disease heart: Evidence NHANES 2003/06 "(pdf) PLoS ONE 5:. E8673 doi:. Http://www.plosone.org/article/fetchObjectAttachment.action?uri=info:doi/10.1371/journal 10.1371/journal.pone.0008673 .. pone.0008673 and representation = PDF. Position synthesis. Edit
Sugiura-Ogasawara ^, M., Ozaki, Y., Sonta, SI Makino, T.; Suzumori, K. (2005). "The Exposure to bisphenol A is associated with recurrent "Human error reproduction (Oxford, England) 20 (8) 23252329 doi:. 10.1093/humrep/deh888 … PMID 15947000 edition
^ Yang, J., Kong, C., Oh, Y. Park, S. Kim, H., Leem, H., Ha, H. (August 2009). "Bisphenol A is associated exposure to oxidative stress and inflammation in postmenopausal women "Environmental Research 109 (6):. 797801 doi: .. 10.1016/j.envres.2009.04.014 ISSN 0013-9351. PMID 19464675. Edit
^ Braun, J., Yolton, K. Dietrich, K., Hornung, R., Ye, X., Calafat, A., Lanphear, B. (2009). "The exhibition BPA. Prenatal and early childhood behavior "Environmental Health Perspectives doi:. 10.1289/ehp.0900979 edition.
^ Meeker JD, Calafat AM, Hauser, R. (2009). "The BPA urinary concentrations regarding serum levels of thyroid hormones and reproduction in men with a infertility clinic. "Environment Science and Technology: 091223134144053. doi: 10.1021/es9028292 edition.
^ EC Dodds and Wilfrid Lawson, "Agents without the phenanthrene nucleus synthetic strogenic "Nature, 137 (1936), 996.
^ EC Dodds and W. Lawson, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B, Biological Sciences, 125, # 839 (27-IV-1938), p. 222232.
Abc ^ Mittelstaedt, Martin (04/07/2007). 'Inherently toxic' chemical face its future. "Http: / / www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20070406.wbisphenolA0407/BNStory/National/ Globe & Mail. Accessed on 07/04/2007.
^ This table is adapted from: ATM, 2007. "Many studies confirm the toxicity of BPA at low doses over a wide range of toxic effects," Group Work Environment Report: Survey of Bisphenol A in canned foods U.S. Retrieved November 4, 2007 at http://www.ewg.org/node/20941 .. All the studies included in this table where it is considered by the group CEHRH must be at least moderately useful in assessing the risks of BPA on reproduction human.
Markey CM ^ Soto, Wadia PR, Rubin BS, Sonnenschein C, AM (2005). "The long term effects of fetal exposure to low doses of xenoestrogen bisphenol-A in the genital tract of women in the Mouse Biol Reprod 72 (6 ):… 134 451 doi:. Http://www.biolreprod 10.1095/biolreprod.104.036301 PMID 15689538 .. org / cgi / view = pmidlookup long? = 15689538 and PMID.
^ Munoz de Toro M, Markey CM, Wadia PR, et al (2005). "Perinatal exposure bisphenol-A alters peripubertal mammary gland development in mice "Endocrinology 146 (9):. 413 847 doi: 10.1210/en.2005-0340 PMID 15919749 http://endo.endojournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view .. = long & PMID = 15919749 ..
^ SC Nagel, FS vom Saal Thayer KA, Dhar MG, Boechler M, Welshons WV (1997). "Access on serum binding affinity of modified (RBA-SMA) test predicted relationship in vivo bioactivity of xenoestrogens bisphenol A and octylphenol Environment Health Perspect 105 (1 ):… 706 doi: 10.2307/3433065 .. PMID 9074884.
^ Honma S, Suzuki A, Buchanan DL, Katsu Y, Watanabe H, Iguchi T (2002). "Effect of low doses of in utero exposure to bisphenol A and diethylstilbestrol on female mouse reproduction "Reprod Toxicol 16 (2 ):… 11,722 doi:. 10.1016/S0890-6238 (02) 00006-0 PMID 11955942 http://linkinghub.elsevier … com/retrieve/pii/S0890623802000060.
BT ^ Akingbemi, CM Sottas, AI Kulov, Klinefelter GR, Hardy MP (2004). "The inhibition of steroidogenesis Testicular by the xenoestrogen Bisphenol A is associated with reduced secretion of pituitary luteinizing hormone and decreased gene expression of steroidogenic enzyme in rat Leydig cells "Endocrinology 145 (2) 592603 doi:. 10.1210/en.2003-1174 PMID 14605012 http://endo.endojournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view … = = Long PMID 14605012.
^ Murray TJ Soto, Maffini MV, Ucci AA, Sonnenschein C, AM (2007). "The induction of hyperplasia of the mammary gland and ductal carcinoma in situ after bisphenol A exposure of the fetus "Reprod Toxicol 23 (3 ):…. 38,390 Doi:. 10.1016/j.reprotox.2006.10.002 PMC PMID 1987322 17123778 Http: .. / / Linkinghub.elsevier.com / retrieve / pii / S0890-6238 (06) 00263-2.
^ Ho SM, Tang WY, Belmonte de Frausto J GS, Prins (2006). "The entrance to the development of estradiol and bisphenol A increases susceptibility to prostate carcinogenesis and regulates phosphodiesterase type 4 variant 4 epigenetic "Cancer Res 66 (11 ):… 562,432 doi:. 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-0516 PMID 16740699 http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup PMC .. 2276876? view = 16740699 = PMID long.
Palanza ^ PL, Howdeshell KL, Parmigiani S, vom Saal FS (2002). "The exposure to low doses of bisphenol-A during fetal life or in adulthood alters maternal behavior in mice "Environ Health Perspect 110 Suppl 3 :…. 41,522 PMID 12060838. 1241192 PMC. http://ehpnet1.niehs.nih.gov/docs/2002/suppl-3/415-422palanza/abstract.html.
^ Kubo K, Arai O, Omura M, Watanabe R, Ogata R, S, AOU (2003). Effects "of low doses of bisphenol A on sexual differentiation of brain and behavior in rats "Neurosci Res 45 (3): .. 34 556 doi:. 10.1016/S0168-0102 (02) 00251-1. PMID 12631470. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0168010202002511.
^ J. Taylor, WV Welshons, FS vom Saal (February 2008). "No effect Highway exposure (oral, injected subcutaneously) on bisphenol A in plasma 24 hours after administration in neonatal mortality female mice "Play Toxicol 25 (2): 16 976 doi: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2008.01.001 ….. PMID 18295446. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0890-6238 ( 08) 00002-6. Accessed 05/05/2008.
^ EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). 1988. Oral RfD Assessment Information System risks of bisphenol A. integrated.
Abcd ^ Matsushima A, Kakuta Y, Teramoto T, Koshiba T, Liu X, Okada H, Tokunaga T, Kawabata S, Kimura M, Y Shimohigashi (October 2007). "The evidence of endocrine disruptor bisphenol structure A link to human health receptor gamma nuclear ERR J. Biochem 142 (4 ):… 51.724 Doi:. 10.1093/jb/mvm158 PMID 17761695.
^ Takeda Y, Liu X Sumiyoshi, M, A Matsushima, M Shimohigashi and Shimohigashi (July 2009). "The placenta express the most large amount of bisphenol A receptor ERR (gamma) emitted by human reproductive tissues: predominant expression of type-1 isoform ERRgamma Biochem "J. 146 (1): .. 11 322 doi: .. 10.1093/jb/mvp049 PMID 19304792.
^ "Working Group on Environment." http://www.ewg.org/reports/bisphenola. Accessed on 07/03/2007.
^ Health Canada. "Survey of bisphenol A in canned drinks. Http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/fn-an/securit/packag-emball/bpa/bpa_survey-enquete-can-eng.php. Accessed on 13/03/2009.
^ Lang IA Galloway TS, Scarlett A, Henley WE, Depledge M, Wallace, Robert B, Melzer, D (2008). Association of bisphenol A concentration urinary medical conditions and laboratory abnormalities in adults, "JAMA 300 (300). 1303 doi: 10.1001/jama.300.11.1303 PMID 18799442 http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content … / Full/300.11.1303.
^ Fukazawa, H., Hoshino, K., Shiozawa, T., Matsushita H., Terao, Y. (2001). "Identification and quantification of bisphenol A in chlorinated water 10.1016/S0045-6535 (00) 00507-5 PMID 11513431 Edition: waste paper recycling plant "Chemosphere 44 (5): 973 979 .. doi ..
^ Raloff, Janet (07/10/2009). Concerned about BPA: check your receipts "Society for Science and Public Http: .. / / Www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/48084/title/Concerned_about_BPA_Check_your_receipts. Accessed 07/10/2009.
^ Gehring, Martin; Tennhardt, L. Vogel, D., Weltin, D. Bilitewski, B. (2004) (PDF). Bisphenol A contamination of wastepaper, Pulp and recycled paper products. Waste Management and Environment II. WIT Transactions on Ecology and Environment, Vol. 78. Press on WIT. http://rcswww.urz.tu-dresden.de/ ~ Gehring/deutsch/dt/vortr/040929ge.pdf. Accessed 15/10/2009. Position synthesis.
^ Calafat AM, Kuklenyi … About the Author

I am Frbiz Site writer, reports some information about mosquito repellent deet , preventive pest control.

NAGOYA UT-106 SMA Female antenna for KG-UVD1P KG-816

$11.50

1 SMA Male to F Female TV ANTENNA Adapter Connector TV3 s

$0.90

RF connector adapter RP-SMA female to RP-N male

$3.00

UT-106UV SMA Female Dual Band antenna for PX-777 PX-888

$10.70

UT-106 SMA Female Dual Band antenna for FD-150A FD-450A

$10.70

BNC Antenna Adapter for Motorola Radios SMA Female to BNC

$5.95

50 SMA female solder connector for 1.13 U.FL IPX cable

$31.99

PIXEL XM SMA-2F SMA-MALE-TO-F-FEMALE ADAPTER

$34.00

Nagoya UT-106 SMA Female antenna PX-777 PX-888K TH-UVF1 KG-UVD1P UV-5R TG-UV2

$17.19

2.4G 16dbi SMA Female WiFi LAN Omni Antenna for Router

$3.99

SMA female,Straight,Crimp connector for 1.37,1.1 50 Ohm the thread with 17mm

$2.81

SMA Attenuator SMA male to female,2Watt ,DC-6Ghz 40dB

$79.90

T Type Three Female SMA Adapter 10pcs EOL

$8.59

RF pigtail RP-SMA female to MCX male right angle 30cm

$2.80

Antenna SMA-Female for Wouxun Puxing FDC Weierwei

$8.90

200PCS SMA Female Bulkhead to SMA Female Gold Adapter

$268.88

2,RP-SMA Male to SMA Female Adapter COAX Connector,BN5

$4.99

10 UHF Female PL259 Jack to SMA Female Plug Adapter,UB2

$24.90

RF Jumper cable SMA female to MMCX male right angle

$2.60

6PC BNC-Jack Female to SMA-Plug Male Coaxial Adapter

$12.88

-More RF and Microwave Products-