Trans Oceanic

Trans Oceanic

Air Pollution navigate waves of technological change

1.0 Introduction

 

The search for better management of human society and today introduced the threshold of human civilization in its entirety as human itself. The factors of the triple line of research knowledge, the need to share the production, the organizational capacity of the community social – these factors are linked together and mutually reinforcing with each technology and organization, scale, power trio, the economy and the environment and the key area is human civilization, followed by the invention of language or communication skills, and facilitate mobility. All thanks to their courses slowly through the building blocks of obstacles and some have even left incredibly extraordinary revolution. Similarly, all these changes through a dynamic differential approach and methods that can be classified as conventional methods of the idea, hypothesis, experimentation and observation.

Over the years, takes time, growth, speed and knowledge and support scarcity and competition have created an application that requires the man to build complex institutions, which require energy to move. Similarly, the development of human diversity has stolen a precise measurement of energy and the handling of discrete objects describes everything without possible to reduce shipping grinding physical labor and freed the man from another profession. Today energy contamination have very high percentage of carbon emissions as has exhausted the little oxygen that we share, and the ozone layer later naturedue Mother protects us against the lack of credible risk assessments on systems that have been building. In addition, because the approach classic to the assessment on the economy, while the environment and its associated cycle passes into oblivion, probably Because of the difficulties associated with uncertainty. For years, many think that anything is infinite execution of the air, the atmosphere and the ocean, allowing us to cool the sources, winds and currents are much more vulnerable to contaminants that have escaped many activities, including poisons in the air and the ocean can cease to serve more sense if we take care to prevent contamination. To this end, the challenge of emissions in air are recognized:

• main consequence is inherently based navigation
• You link to the burning of oil main source
• It has links with the continuous combustion mechanisms – boilers, gas turbines and incinerators

In this article we will see how the challenge of climate change, ozone depletion, global warming Engineering Engineering requirements, including the operation of vessels affected and the impacts of ship emissions, increasing techno egalitarian approach sustainable mitigation economic and environmental benefits to reduce and control emissions. As necessary and appropriate to develop energy efficiency and performance of the propulsion system (all electric boats for maritime transport within walking distance and electric hybrid gas network for transport sea level) through the comparison and simulation of extreme conditions.

2.0 Boat Ride Emission Technology

This issue of the environment become so sensitive on the recent development of infrastructure and especially in everything that we use energy mostly because of past pollution has become poison the effect of a point and today we announced in effect on the quality of air and water. In short, the three worlds in which we live today, are out of balance and potential conflicts and human at the center. Historical records of the number of calamity that has led to heavy losses and pollution are calling for new and philosophy of doing things through the assessment of the economy and environmental issues related to energy, without compromising the afternoon many cases were based. This is now also calling for a number of regulations, which subsequently affect, change policies and procedures relating to the foregoing and its effect on the design of new systems and modification of an existing product.

As for energy, it all started with your natural energy source, animals, windmills, watermills and steam, electricity and energy Nuclear, with plenty of water and wind and sun until all those who are the main source of energy that passes through the natural cycle of human life and the planet, remain scarce resources inherited, new technologies have great potential to convert this income into usable reserves year

Figure 1. – Global Warming Potential

Cleaner and safer part of the use of inexhaustible energy, is like trying rash and error experimentation, and age who discover the big difference between renewable and nonrenewable and how the adventurism has led to the replacement of natural renewable nature given by the game and nonrenewable called for new ways do and the importance of using the benefits of nature and given. renewable energy source of high energy from the sun, hydrogen and biomass for the future, using waste to produce biomass. agricultural production involving reasonable use for food to produce energy or they end up breaking the food chain where the shortage of products means that we all pay anyway. I do not speak much of the renewable energy or greenhouse gas emissions today. technology in soil that is needed to be transferred sympathetic to the maritime industry through the availability of engines, systems and technical assistance. operation of vessels operating in inland waters bulk fuel needed to represent the distribution of GN viable. The use of an alternative fuel for the propulsion of vessels leads to review the design of the central partners in the fuel system and transmission, effectively reshaping the agreement areas such as machinery hull form, Partitioning, cover charge, payloads, superstructure, interior design, evacuation and security, route options, etc.

Recent environmental revolt, as a key issue in sea levels, flooding, warned of failure system and the reality of uncertainty and environmental degradation is the point, which also show the world that the two are now out balance and potential conflicts and man is at the center. The call of the philosophy of designing new systems based on risk and holistic view based on the sensitivity. Since it became clear that everything we use in the end of the earth in their own way in the rivers groundwater which later end up in the sea, which makes the management of water quality, maintaining the purity and balance the prevention the substance being is a crucial point in the full protection of the environment as a result of this international environmental seriously and to encourage and the call to galvanize the scientific community by setting panel / scientific and technical organizations to collaborate and promote the use of organs existing scientific and research centers for the global observing systems that include the registration of informal sources of information in early warning and to address the problem of sharing sensitive data between countries and with human capabilities and expansion Fast Internet as a tool for gathering information, discussion and dissemination. A regulation of land that are transmitted are:

• (Oil Spills Protocol) – Protocol on Protected Areas and Wildlife (SPAW)

• Protocol to pollution from Land-Based Sources and Activities (LBS)

• Agenda 21

• To address the issue Greenhouse gas emissions from ships, "Approval of the control and prevention in 2003 and the problems associated with the transfer of aquatic organisms pests in ballast water of ships – Convention adopted in 2004 to support the International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-fouling on ships of 2001 Diplomatic Conference and also review the implementation of the International Oil Pollution, Response and Cooperation 1990.

• IMO has also spent six and seriously in a diplomatic and MARPOL confernec bypassing the usual procedure taxcit. MARPOL Coverage: Annex I-oil, noxious liquid chemicals in Annex II Annex III-Harmful product (packaging), Annex IV-Sewage, Annex V – Water Ballast on emissions of Annex VI and air pollution (SOx, NOx emissions and greenhouse gas emissions, depletion layer of ozone gas (ODG))

 

Figure 2 – Marine engine emissions – ABS

News MARPOL Annex VI to focus on:

• Control and management of ballast water to minimize the transfer of harmful alien species

• Global ban on TBT antifouling treatment – phase planned for 2008

• International Convention on the fight against pollution and Cooperation (OPRC) – 1990

• fight against incidents of political or serious threats, to prevent, mitigate or eliminate danger of marine pollution by wearing its coastline from a maritime accident

• Protocol under the Convention (HNS Protocol) covers marine pollution by and Noxious Substances (HNS)

Chapter III of Annex II requirements for reducing emissions from ships are:

Article 12 – Ozone Depletion Substances

Regulation 13 – NOx

Regulation 14-SOx

Rule 15 – Volatile Organic Compounds

incinerator Article 16 – on board

Regulation No. 17 – Reception Services

Oil Article 18 – Obligation of fuel

Article 19 – Obligation of the platform and drilling

Response to emissions from ships:

• Technical Code for the prevention of air emissions from ships

• Test engine Diesel

• Survey

• Certification of Compliance (IAPPC)

• limit the performance of -30% discount NOx

• Review of 5 years apart

• Restrict the use of fluorocarbons on board

• The Carbon dioxide emissions from ship

• Fuel quality

• Areas of SOx Emission Control (SECA)

Requirement for emissions control of the ship – Other requirements and rules:

• Fuel – ISO 8217

• emission test – ISO 8178

• a common limit for all engines – International harmonization Rules Standards and equipment

Thus, the IMO and the shipping industry is the highest honor today on how to design and operate, but nevertheless, the value of water and the environment will always require the labor demand to live near Approval of zero intolerance issue management or regulation of the maritime business and the philosophy of operations for many years emphasized centralized secure and cleaner seas, but the protection of the marine environment has become a major international pollution the world's oceans has risen to international law and this key is a call to all areas of human activity to progress towards sustainable development. Therefore, pollution from ships contribute10% of landfill. Years of maritime little attention to air pollution, the statement by the IMO for the production under the new Annex IV of MARPOL change this situation. Figure NOx reduction limit of 30% and from 0.5 to 5.0% sulfur cap limit emissions of sea would rise by 9% to 13% in 2010 and 20% to 29% in 2020 compared to 2002 levels. bulk carriers, container and oil are the three largest contributors.

(Fleisher, 1996).

overall energy efficiency should ideally be defined as the useful work done in relation to energy consumption. Thus, the effectiveness depends largely on the type, size and speed of the ship. These considerations are largely outside the scope of this study, but will be mentioned when talking systems of machines that are particularly suitable for certain types of vessels. The interaction of the propeller, the hull under water and the rudder is important when the propulsive efficiency is defined as the conversion efficiency of shaft power to thrust power is beyond our scope, therefore, the subjects of transmission power of the study relate to operate freely (open water) efficiency of the propeller if necessary.

. Study conducted by the ABS found the following configuration settings for the player as the best option for hybrid practice of LNG great figure below:

ABS Table 1 – Current source configuration

engine slow

Direct Drive

Medium speed engine

Reduction Team

Electric Propulsion

high-speed motor

Gear

Gas Turbines

Propulsion electric

Understanding the basis on which the fuel is obtained suggesting that the effectiveness acquired during a conventionally powered ship will vary environmental conditions and the use of ships. Prof. Frankel role in the natural gas powered LNG has also supported further comparison was issued under has concluded the following:

Source Table 2 – Comparison of the environment – - Prof. Frankel

GTE

DFD

SSD

NOx

2

15

2

SOx

0

6

0.3

CO

0.1

0.3

0.3

CO2/100

5

4.6

4.7

At present, it is necessary to strengthen effectiveness and efficiency of short sea shipping service to sustainable modal split and the link roads Interior, where there is a potential future development in areas where traffic originates and ends on the beach. (Frankel, 2006). At a time when the pollution caused by traffic havoc on the environment, the ecological form of transport may be of some help.

 

gas turbine or diesel-electric hybrid, fuel with a couple two, including natural gas, is the ability to search for current ships overseas, Although all trans-ships that use electricity and natural gas microturbine generator bags are available ships. While development interest in exploring new ship on the need for technology to improve the full integration of electric propulsion with Advanced Power Management:

– Improved conversion and power electronics technology

– Improvement of generators and motors

 

3.0 Good Practices for generic technologies

 

recent times has been the rapid increase general awareness in the field of pressure on the environment that creates the need for a deeper understanding of engine and propulsion system options for treatment, changing engines and new options for propulsion. emission limitations were imposed on terrestrial power authority, but the arrival greenhouse gas emissions has led to the expansion of marine diesel engines, particularly in ports and coastal vessel traffic, as it has shown to be a significant contributor to NOx emissions. Following the IMO adopted Resolution MEPC longstanding Annex IV, the new limit to prevent air pollution in the sea and coastal waters. The research requires urgent attention in order to be part of the solution states of degradation of the ozone layer, the acid rain and smog formation, water quality, adverse effects on global warming green vegetation gas problems global and catastrophic. A study by Norwegian University of Technology and British Maritime Technology Ltd follows the following

3 – Emissions and reduction measures table

category

components

sources

This method of reduction

Air emissions

COx

Machinery / incinerator / boiler

 

 

SOx

Machineries / incinerator / boiler

sulfur content of fuels with low Exhaust Cleaning

NOx

Machineries / incinerator / boiler

cleaning exhaust gas of engine modifications, or the means of entry

HC

Machineries / incinerator / boiler

 

Noise

Machinery / loading

isolation

The particles

Machineries / Incinerator / boiler

 

HFC / Halon

Extinguishers / Cooling

sequential loading, returning vapor recovery unit

VOC

Cargo operation

 

 

Table 4 – reduction opportunities

category

components

reduction potential during

Air emissions

COx

1-40% of the operational planning and speed selection

3-7 efficiency mechanisms%

70-80% (number uncertain) limiting the sulfur content in fuel and / or means of seawater wash

 

NOx

80-90% in the selective catalytic reduction (SCR)

10-30% by the motor Drawing / injection delay

20-30% by the engine of change

O fuel is injected into the cylinder, several alternative methods available with various options for reducing of

30-60% of the charge transfer sequential gas

VOC

70-90% recovery plant

The investigation concluded with the recommendation of the need for research on technologies related reduction efficiency technology energy and fuel use of the fleet. (Morrall 2000)

 

In mitigation and mitigation measures 3.1

 

There are three ways that pollution can be controlled

• Clean the fuel before combustion (fuel, such as the preparation of splitting catalytic cracking, desulfurization)

• Reduce the production of pollutants during the combustion (burning of the State, gas recirculation and the level of reduced temperature)

• Clean exhaust

All these methods of design change attracts major global economic power thermal

Figure 3 – Mitigation and – Source – ABS

 

 

Primary measures:

 

Secondary measures:

 

Operationally

 

Retrofit for existing engines:

For new engines

 

The use of low sulfur fuel – (Fewer 6g/kwh)

 

Sulphur HFO – Need oil company in exchange for his team to produce low sulfur oil-owner> will face high costs, the additive solution has been expensive so far

"Reducing emissions of NOx, SOx, cost savings thanks to gas + boiled reuse.

Gases exhaust cleaning system or technology

SECA-down (emission) and fuel switching to

"Reduction nitrogen – choosing

propulsion system

fuels to reduce sulfur in transportation

Reliquification-LNG / LPG Carriers->

– Plant using a turbo generator ->

– PM – bag volume is empty space in the valve fuel downstream face of the end

The catalyst system aboard: converter, water injection in emulsion

Reduction Speed

(10-20%)

-Use of shore power connection

 

option Dual Fuel small areas of low sulfur content (01/05 to 04/05) – need additional tanks. The hydrocarbon content in exhaust large diesel engines depends on the type of fuel, engine settings and design.

 

Use-NOx injector

timing of injection valves

control the temperature of charge air

On the exhaust recirculation exhaust gas (EGR)

emulsion fuel / water

Injection water

"The humid air motor (HAM) technique of adding wet steam

50% off

Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)

 

Engine certification

-Pre-certification

technical clarifications file in the engine family and group

final certification

 

Alpha Lubricator system – Reduction reduces the consumption of oil bottles> in particulate emissions

Electronic fuel injection expected fuel control valve for reducing emissions of exhaust

- Use the high efficiency air PTO to reduce + reduced fuel emissions.

 

3.2x Technology -

• Reduce NOx emissions from diesel engines is an urgent international

• In response, engine manufacturers are exploring all means to reduce NOx emissions

• The graph shows the international standards regulations adopted by the IMO in September 1997

Figure 4 – Respect NOx limits – Source Yanmar

Engine Type Low NOx marine diesel engines for the new series use the following methods to reduce NOx emissions of NOx depends on: consumption fuel, large diameter, low speed, so most of mitigation technologies when, after the characters before:

• NOx is generated when the combustion gases occurs at high temperature.

• To reduce NOx production, the following steps are necessary:

1. Lower the temperature of combustion.

2. Shorten the time of burning.

• Improvements to reduce NOx emissions are:

1. Fuel Injection Delay Time
2. The use of SCR

The limit NOx emissions are reduced IMO factors means of NOx for offshore vessels 4.1% for the main engines and 8.3% for auxiliary engines. The model could help to further reduce emissions from ships and implement future MISC MISC ship emissions regulations local and international. NOx reduction by SCR can take place in the temperature window above, because if the temperature is too high, NH3 burn Rather than react with NO/NO2. At a temperature too low, the reaction rate is too low and the condensation of ammonium sulfate to destroy the catalyst to reduce NOx levels to 98% is necessary to use the SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction).

With this method, the gas the exhaust is mixed with ammonia or urea NH3 (NH3 as the carrier) before passing through a layer of a special catalyst at a temperature between 300 and 400C, as reducing NOx into N2 and H2O, the reactions are, in principle, the following:

4NO + 4NH3 • + O2? 4N2 + 6H2O

• 6NO2 + 8NH3? 7N2 + 12H2O

The amount of NH3 is injected into the exhaust is controlled by a team of NH3 dosing process in proportion to the NOx produced by the engine depending on engine load. The flexibility of the electronic engine can improve the control of emissions and operation of NOx reduction by the emulsion. When using a SCR catalyst, it is difficult to maintain dynamic stability in the engine and turbocharger engine load transient. With the engine electronic controls, faster charging up the early opening of exhaust valves and the late injection is possible, too, with a slope of exhaust valve timing turbocharger stabilizes.

EGR system has two stages of the injection water with a water separator unit after two. Step water injection involves first wet with salt water to ensure that no fresh water consumption in the second the step of injecting fresh water. The outlet temperature of the first phase was about 100 º C, this stage has a single multi-nozzle nozzle. This system is connected to the exhaust system the same way as the simple EGR system, but the EGR line is routed to a file. bubble bath. purification that cleanses and cools the exhaust gas. washing system loop water is cooled and monitored in a water treatment Skid with a filter and the solution of the system, cleaning of sea water used.

Figure 5 – SCR

production NOx occurs only at very high temperatures (2,200 ° K and more), and increases exponentially with temperature. The method is based EGR on reducing the oxygen content in the filling cylinders, and the HAM method is based in part on reducing the oxygen content of the bottle and in part by increasing the heat capacity of filling the cylinder by adding water vapor. The addition of water to heavy oil, by increasing the viscosity the mixture to maintain the viscosity of 10-15 cSt engine inlet, max. 20 cSt, it is necessary to raise the temperature over 150oC which is the current standard (170oC up to 50% water) to increase the fuel cycle. 10% NOx reduction for each area of a 10% increase, the numbers of water is the amount of liquid fuel injected

Figure 6 – Return of NOx reduction

With increasing amounts of recycling, and HC and particulate emissions are reduced corresponding to the reduced flow of gas motor.

Figure 7 – Typical fuel oil system pressure homogenizers

Media Technology 3.3

Schedule VI of MARPOL 73/78 limits the sulfur content of the force until 1.5 wt% and applies to designated SECA. The first SECA is the Baltic Sea -> Entry into force May 19, 2006. The area of the North Sea and English Channel SECA will enter into force November 22, 2007. The geographic boundaries of these two defined SECA in MARPOL 73/78. EU Directive 2005/33/EC, requires ships to burn fuel oil with sulfur content below 1.5% in the Sea SECA North August 11, 2007).. New SECA should adopt in the future on the basis of certain criteria and procedures for the appointment of SECA. MARPOL. Annex VI Regulation 14 (4b) also gives the possibility to use a cleaning system exhaust (EGCS), which reduces emissions total SOX to 6.0 g / kWh.

Particulate matter 3.4 Technology

decreased volume fuel valves has significantly reduced the production of PM emissions. Advantage provided by the CSC is shown below

Figure 8 – SAC injection valve performance

Alfa-lubricator It is the application of technology electronically controlled high pressure lubricator injects oil lubrication of the cylinder in the cylinder at the exact position and time to optimize conventional grease lubrication. A line parallel and is followed by the SIP (Swirl Injection Principle) lubricator, where the oil is injected before the adoption of the piston, which produces oil distributed by the swirling air. It is used for marine engines and engines for power production purposes, the input levels were very low indicated, with oil consumption up to 0.5 g / bhph. By applying a small amount of oil -> questions + are low cylinder oil reduction waste in the engine room in which oil could be found in the system, which has increased TBN and viscosity.

ABS Figure 9 – Alpha Lubricator – Source

Figure 10-particle measurement on performance – ABS

The image above shows using lub lubricant reduces alpha. The consumption of oil and evening. As the filters used for the dilution tunnel PM. measurements taken before and after treatment in a charge of 75% and 15% recirculation

3.5 Impact of the use of new fuels

• The transfer of technology to industry sympathy sea through the availability of engines, systems and support technique.

• the operation of vessels operating in inland waters and deep water are required bulk fuel delivered, the representation distribution of viable GN

• The use of alternative fuel propulsion for ships led to a design review:

Power Station –

– The partners fuel system

– Powertrain;

• For restoration areas such as the Convention machinery, hull form, bin, cargo deck, cargo designs useful, superstructure, interior, evacuation and safety, route options, etc.

efficiency Figure 11 – Fuel – Source – RINA

 

3.6 technology for the construction of new

• Alternative Energy

• alternative fuels and dual fuel engines

• The injection of steam with fuel and gas engines subsequent washing units at low speed

• Chamber of additional cooking

• Possibility for cycle gas turbine complex

• Possibility of turbocharged diesel

• Composite cycle: gasified fuel, a compressor external combustion in pure oxygen

• exhaust gas treatment medium-speed engines

• Azipod

 

 

 

 

 

 

Exhaust gas recirculation Performance Measurement

The best practices to meet

• Lloyd has done research on the evaluation of exhaust emissions

• Roll-Royce Allen 5000 series engine constructed with electronically controlled fuel nozzles NOx

• Mak engine has developed a new engine with MDS NOx reduction without penalty Fuel

Electric propulsion technology

Le rendement global du groupe motopropulseur avec DEP est d'environ 87-90%. Use permanent magnets in generators and electric motors, as well as overall progress in semiconductor technology can improve this to about 92-95% in the near future. electric transmission consists of three basic energy conversions:

– From (rotation) mechanical energy to electrical energy: E-generator

– Energy supply (rotation) energy Mechanical: E-motor

– Some form of fixed or controlled power conversion in the middle: power converter

– Simulation risk assessment and quantification of emissions of other methods to support the decision and the selection of new systems.

system electric propulsion technology development requires the following fields: E-generator – the next tree contains a systematic description of existing rates, which improvement is sought: Mechanical ==> Electric: E-generators

Ø dc generators

Ø AC Generators

E-Motors – The next tree contains a systematic description of the current rate Improve murmur Electric ==> Mechanics: electric motor

Ø engines driving

Ø synchronous motor

Ø Positioning Engine

energy converters – the next tree contains a systematic description of the existing types: electric ==> Electrical: Power Conversion or processing

Ø Fixed transformers

Ø controlled converters

Ø static converters

Ø Investor

 

References

1. IMO (2000) Protection Committee Marine in the 44th session: http:www.imo.org/meeting/44.html
2. R. A Karam and KZ Morgan, energy costs and benefit the environment -: Or complete an international journal, Georgia Institute of Technology, London, 1975 pp. 491-507.
3. N Slocombe, DS 1993. Planning Environmental Science ecosystems and ecosystem approaches for integrating environment and development. Environmental Management.
4. Ghai Dharam and Jessica M. Vivian. Introduction., In Dharam Ghai and Jessica M. Vivian (Eds.), Basis of Environmental Action: Participation in people.It sustainable development, Routledge, London, 1992, pp. 1-22.
5. D. Stapersma. Diesel engines: a fundamental approach to performance analysis, supercharging, the combustion emissions and heat transfer. Part A: Analysis of the performance "OTC BM 4408 A / CC R.Nl.NC 09, 1996
6. "The new concept 3-way catalyst for automobile engine Lean NOx storage and reduction catalyst ", Catal. Today, 27, 63-69 (1996).

7. Henley EJ Kumamoto, H., 1981 Reliability engineering and risk assessment. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliff, New Jersey.

8. Kristiansen, S. and Krlsen, I, the analysis of causal factors of dependency and factors. Report No. 80-1144, TED Norske Veritas, Hovik, Norway.

9. AMM 1995, Project 366: Formal Safety Assessment: Report stage of a project. security agencies Marina, Southampton, February.

1. Safety of Life at Sea, 1974, consolidated edition, IMO in London in 1996.
2. International Convention on the Prevention of Pollution at sea 1973 consolidated edition, IMO London, 1997.
3. Ingemar Palsson, Swenson Gert. The Formal Safety Assessment, Introduction risk of Modern
4. Evaluation of the shipping industry, Report 7594, the Swedish Maritime Administration Administration National Council SSPA Maritime, February 1996.

14. Thijs carrier Granero 2004 Fuel LNG double electric propulsion, the design and operation the gas company, RINA, UK

15. Murphy, 1996] Murphy, VSD marine electrical, Trans Amarah, 1996, Vol 108, Part 2, pp 97-107 [Niina, 1995], M. Niina, J. Laapio

16. Nigel Gee, energy solutions in 2002 ro new high speed and Ro-Ro Pax Ferries the propulsion system of ships

About the Author

marine engineer

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